ဗဟုသုတဘဏ်

ref:: Good Health jiournal
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Labels: Health-IV, Sexual Education




Labels: Health-IV, Sexual Education

('virginity repair) ဟုေခၚေသာ ခြဲစိတ္ျပဳျပင္မွဳမ်ိဳးကို လက္မထပ္မီ ျပဳလုပ္မွဳမ်ား သိသာစြာ ျမင့္တက္လာေနေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

ျဗိတိန္တြင္ ေဆးခန္းသီးသန္႔ ထိုင္ေသာ ဆရာ၀န္မ်ားထံမွ ေကာက္ယူထားေသာ စစ္တမ္းမ်ားအရ ဤကဲ့သို႔ေသာ ခြဲစိတ္မွဳမ်ိဳးကို ျပဳလုပ္ရန္ လာေရာက္ ေဆြးေႏြးေသာ အမ်ိဳးသမီးအေရအတြက္သည္ အမ်ားဆံုး ေန႔မ်ားတြင္ တစ္ေန႔ကို သံုးဦးအထိပင္ ရွိေၾကာင္း၊ ထိုအမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားသည္ ေဆးပညာအရ Hymenoplasty (အပ်ိဳေျမွးျပန္ထည့္ေပးျခင္း) ဟုေခၚေသာ ထိုခြဲစိတ္မွဳ၏ ရလဒ္ကို မဂၤလာဦးညတြင္ "သူတို႔သည္ ထိုည မတိုင္မီ ေယာက်္ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ အေတြ႔အၾကံဳ လံုး၀မရွိဘဲ ျဖဴစင္ပါသည္" ဟူေသာ လွည့္စားခ်က္အေနျဖင့္ အသံုးခ်ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္ၾကျပီး ခြဲစိတ္မွဳမွ အသက္အႏၱရာယ္ပင္ မမွဳဘဲ ခံယူလာၾကသည္ဟု ေတြ႔ရွိရသည္။
အဆိုပါ ခြဲစိတ္မွဳမ်ိဳးကို လန္ဒန္ျမိဳ႕ Harley Street အထူးကုစင္တာတြင္ ေပါင္ ၁၈၅၀ ယူ၍ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးေနက်၀ါရင့္ခြဲစိတ္အထူးကု တစ္ဦး၏ ေျပာစကားအရ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏွစ္မ်ားကႏွင့္ ယွဥ္လွ်င္ပင္ ယခုႏွစ္၌ ဤခြဲစိတ္မွဳမ်ိဳး ခံယူရန္ လာေရာက္ျပသမွဳ အေရအတြက္ ၃ ဆခန္႔ တိုးျမင့္လာခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။
ထိုခြဲစိတ္မွဳသည္ အမ်ိဳးသမီး တစ္ဦး၏ အပ်ိဳေျမွးကို ေမြးရာပါ သဘာ၀အတိုင္း (အပ်ိဳစင္မ်ားအတိုင္း) ျပန္လည္တပ္ဆင္ေပးေသာ လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ျဖစ္ျပီး ခြဲစိတ္ခံရျပီးသူ၏ အပ်ိဳေျမွးပါးသည္ မဂၤလာဦးညတြင္ ျပန္လည္ ေပါက္ျပဲကာ (အပ်ိဳစင္မ်ားအတိုင္း) ေသြးထြက္ဦးမည္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ဤကဲ့သို႔ ဘ၀တစ္ေလ်ာက္လံုးႏွင့္ခ်ီ၍ လြန္စြာ အေရးပါေသာ ခြဲစိတ္မွဳသည္ နာရီ၀က္ခန္႔သာ ၾကာျမင့္မည္ ျဖစ္ျပီး ထံုေဆးျဖင့္ပင္ လန္ဒန္ျမိဳ႕ရွိ Regency ေဆးခန္းတြင္ Consultant Gynaecologist (အတိုင္ပင္ခံ သားဖြားမီးယပ္ အထူးကုဆရာ၀န္ၾကီး) ေဒါက္တာ မက္ဂ္ဒီဟန္းက ျပဳလုပ္ေပးေနျပီး ၁၈၅၀ ေပါင္ က်သင့္မည္ ျဖစ္ကာ အခ်ိဳ႕ေနရာမ်ားတြင္မူ ေပါင္ ၄၀၀၀ (ျမန္မာေငြ သိန္း ၆၀ နီးပါး) အထိ ေစ်းေပါက္ေနသည္ဟု သိရသည္။
ထိုခြဲစိတ္မွဳသည္ ေဆးပညာအရ တရား၀င္ခံယူခြင့္ ရွိျပီး ခြဲစိတ္ခံယူသူ မည္သူကမွ် အမည္၊ လိပ္စာစေသာ ကိုယ္ေရးအခ်က္မ်ားကို အမွန္မေပးၾကဟု သိရသည္။ လူမွဳေရးပံုမွားရိုက္ လွည့္ဖ်ားျခင္းတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ သက္ေရာက္မွဳ ရွိေနေသာ္လည္း ဥပေဒအရ တားျမစ္ပိတ္ပင္ပိုင္ခြင့္ ျပဌာန္းျခင္းကို မည္သည့္သတင္းတြင္မွ လက္ရွိ သတင္းေရးေနသည့္ အခ်ိန္အထိ မၾကားရေသးပါ။
အဆိုပါဆရာ၀န္ၾကီးက "ဟိုးအရင္တုန္းက ဆိုရင္ တစ္ပတ္မွ ဒီခြဲစိတ္မွဳမ်ိဳး တစ္ခုႏွစ္ခုဆိုတာ အလြန္ဆံုးပါပဲ။ ဒါကလည္း က်န္းမာေရးျပႆနာ တစ္ခုခုေၾကာင့္သာ ျဖစ္ျပီး အခုလို လူမွဳေရးကိစၥသေဘာမ်ိဳးအတြက္ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ အခုေတာ့ တစ္ေန႔တည္းေတာင္ ၂ ခု သို႔မဟုတ္ ၃ခု ေလာက္ လုပ္ေပးေနရပါတယ္။ ခြဲစိတ္မွဳ ခံခ်င္သူ အားလံုးနီးပါးဟာ မဂၤလာ ေဆာင္ေတာ့မယ့္ သူေတြ ျဖစ္ျပီး တစ္ခ်ိန္က သူတို႔ရဲ့ အေတြ႔အၾကံဳ အျဖစ္အပ်က္ေတြကို သူတို႔ရဲ့ သတို႔သားနဲ႔ မိသားစုေတြ မသိေအာင္ ဖံုးကြယ္ခ်င္ၾကတဲ့ သေဘာ ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ဒါဟာ ဘာသာေရး သေဘာမဟုတ္ဘဲ လူမွဳေရးသေဘာ ေဆာင္ေနပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ သတို႔သမီးတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ မဂၤလာဦးညမွာ ေသြးမထြက္လို႔ အပ်ိဳမဟုတ္ဘူးလို႔ သတ္မွတ္ခံရရင္ ဒါဟာ မိသားစုနဲ႔ သူ႔အတြက္ အၾကီးအက်ယ္ ရွက္စရာပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုျဖစ္လို႔ ေယာက်္ားက သူ႔ကို စြန္႔ခြာသြားမွာ၊ တစ္ဘ၀လံုး သံသယနဲ႔ ျငိဳျငင္ေနမွာ အမ်ိဳးသမီးတိုင္း အရမ္းေၾကာက္ၾကပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီလို ခြဲစိတ္မွဳေတြအေၾကာင္း တစ္ဆင့္တစ္ဆင့္ ၾကားသိလာၾကျပီး လုပ္ဖို႔ အရမ္းဆႏၵ ရွိလာၾကတာ ျဖစ္ပါမယ္" ဟု ေျပာျပခဲ့သည္။
Consultant Surgeon (အတိုင္ပင္ခံ ခြဲစိတ္ဆရာ၀န္ၾကီး) ေဒါက္တာ အက္ရွ္မိုစာဘီ ကမူ "ဒီေန႔ေခတ္ ႏိုင္ငံအသီးသီးမွာ အေနာက္တိုင္းယဥ္ေက်းမွဳ လႊမ္းမိုးေသာ ေနထိုင္မွဳပံုစံ (westernized lifestyles) ေတြကို လက္ခံက်င့္သံုး ေနထိုင္သူေတြ အရမ္းမ်ားျပားေနျပီး ဒီလိုေနရတာကို အတုယူသေဘာက်တဲ့ စိတ္နဲ႔ မိမိရဲ့ အရွက္သိကၡာကို ရရာနည္းနဲ႔ ထိန္းခ်င္ၾကတဲ့ စိတ္ ထိပ္တိုက္ေတြ႔ၾကတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ မိန္းမတစ္ေယာက္အေနနဲ႔ ဘာကိုမွမမွဳဘူး ဆိုသည့္တိုင္ေအာင္ မဂၤလာဦးညမွာ အဆင္မေျပ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရင္ အၾကီးအက်ယ္ ျပစ္တင္ရွံဳ႕ခ်စရာ ျဖစ္ျပီဆိုတဲ့ အျဖစ္ကိုေတာ့ မွဳပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုျဖစ္မွာ ေၾကာက္ရင္ အေစာကတည္းက ကိုယ့္ဘ၀ကိုကိုယ္ တန္ဖိုးထားထိန္းသိမ္းသင့္တာေပါ့။ အားလံုးျပီးသြားေတာ့မွ ခြဲစိတ္ခန္းထဲ၀င္ျပီး အပ်ိဳစင္ဘ၀ ျပန္ရခ်င္တယ္ဆိုတာေတာ့ တကယ္စိတ္ပ်က္စရာ တစ္မ်ိဳးပါပဲ" ဟု သူ၏ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အျမင္ကို ပြင့္လင္းစြာ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ ေျပာဆိုခဲ့သည္။
၄င္းႏွင့္အတူပင္ ထိုခြဲစိတ္မွဳမ်ိဳးကို ဥပေဒထုတ္ တားျမစ္သင့္သည္ဟူေသာ ေတာင္းဆိုျခင္းမ်ားလည္း ေပၚေပါက္ေနေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ျဗိတိန္က်န္းမာေရးဦးစီးဌာန၏ ေျပာေရးဆိုခြင့္ရွိသူ အမ်ိဳးသမီးတစ္ဦးက ၄င္းတို႔၏ NHS ေခၚ National Healthcare Services ပိုင္ေဆးရံုမ်ားတြင္ အပ်ိဳေျမွး ျပန္လည္တပ္ဆင္ေပးေသာ ခြဲစိတ္မွဳကို က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ စိတ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ လိုအပ္မွဳမ်ား အတြက္သာ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးလ်က္ ရွိျပီး မည္သည့္ လူမွဳေရးအေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ အတြက္ႏွင့္မွ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးျခင္းမရွိေၾကာင္း ျငင္းခ်က္ထုတ္ ေျပာဆိုသြားသည္။
Ref: Dailymail
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The half hour hymenoplasty procedure can cost up to £4,000 to be done privately
Increasing numbers of women are having taxpayer-funded 'virginity repair' operations before marriage.
There were 116 hymen replacement operations carried out on the NHS between 2005 and 2009. The total for 2009 was 30, up 25 per cent from 24 in 2005.
The health service figures, which do not include data on the religion or marital status of the individuals, seem to echo a trend reported by private clinics, which are seeing a huge surge in demand for the procedure from Muslim women paying up to £4,000.
One Harley Street clinic said that demand for its half-hour procedure had tripled in recent months.
Doctors say patients are under pressure from future husbands or relatives who insist that they should be virgins on their wedding night.
Critics, including moderate Muslim groups, have condemned the trend as a sign of the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in the West.


During the hymenoplasty procedure – viewed by some as invasive and degrading – the hymen is stitched or reconstructed so that it will tear again and bleed on the woman's wedding night.
In some cases, the vaginal lining can be used to create a false hymen. A blood capsule can then be inserted into the lining to ensure realistic blood flow when the membrane is broken.
Consultant gynaecologist Dr Magdy Hend performs hymenoplasty under local anaesthetic at his Regency Clinic on Harley Street. He charges £1,850 for the half-hour procedure and says that most of his clients are Muslim women.
He said: 'In the past, we would do one or two hymen reconstruction operations a week. Sometimes now, we get two or three women a day. Demand has tripled.
'Our Muslim clients worry about having had sex, and their fiance and family knowing that they have been touched before.
'It is more cultural rather than religious. If the bride is not a virgin and does not bleed on the wedding night, it is a big shame on the family. There have been honour killings in extreme cases.
'It is simple surgery that takes only half an hour. They can have it done at lunchtime and do not have to give their real names and addresses.'
Imam Dr Taj Hargey, chairman of the Muslim Educational Centre in Oxford, called on the Muslim community to try to reverse the trend.
He said: 'The situation is very common in the Middle East where there is a huge scandal that can lead to divorce or even honour killings if there are not bloodstained bed sheets after the wedding night.
'It is very disappointing that Muslim women in this country feel they need to lead a double life, resorting to subterfuge surgery.
'That is not conducive to either their psychological or spiritual health and it is hypocrisy and double standards because Muslim men are doing as they please with women.'
There have been calls for a ban on NHS surgeons carrying out the operations for women wanting to marry as virgins.
But a Department of Health spokesman insisted that hymen repair operations take place on the NHS only to ensure a patient's physical or psychological health.
She said: 'The NHS does not fund hymen repair operations for cultural reasons. All operations on the NHS are on the basis of clinical need.
'Operations to repair the hymen are only carried out exceptionally to secure physical or psychological health.'
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Labels: Health-IV, Sexual Education
လိင္တူခ်င္း ခ်စ္သူေတြအေပၚ တရား၀င္ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားခြင့္ ျပဳေရးနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ခြင့္ျပဳသင့္ မျပဳသင့္ ဆိုတဲ့အခ်က္ကို ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားမွာ အေျခအတင္ ျငင္းခုန္ေနခဲ့တာ ကာလ အေတာ္ေတာင္ ၾကာျမင့္ခဲ့ပါၿပီ။ ကန္႔ကြက္သူေတြက လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားမႈ ဆိုတာဟာ လိင္ကဲြခ်င္းခ်စ္သူ အမ်ိဳးသားနဲ႔ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ႏွစ္ဦးအၾကားမွာသာ ျဖစ္သင့္တဲ့ အရာလို႔ဆိုၿပီး ဘာသာေရး၊ လူမႈေရး ရႈေထာင့္ေတြကို ကိုင္စဲြလို႔ ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ လိင္တူခ်င္း ခ်စ္ျခင္းနဲ႔ လက္ထပ္ျခင္းဟာ သဘာ၀ကို ဆန္႔က်င္တဲ့ အျပဳအမူ ျဖစ္တာေၾကာင့္မို႔လို႔ လက္မခံသင့္ဘူးလို႔ ေၾကြးေၾကာ္ၿပီး ဆန္႔က်င္ၾကပါတယ္္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ယခုအခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ လိင္တူအခ်င္းခ်င္း လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားမႈကို လက္ခံအတည္ျပဳလာတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ တိုးပြားလာတာဟာ ဒီလို ေဆြးေျမ႕ေနတဲ့ အယူအဆေတြကို ေခ်ဖ်က္ႏိုင္လာျခင္းရဲ႕ သေကၤတဘဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္္။
ႏိုင္ငံတကာက ေလးစားတန္ဖိုးထား ေနရတဲ့့ အျပည္ျပည္ဆိုင္ရာ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး ေၾကညာစာတမ္းရဲ႕ အပိုဒ္ (၁၆) မွာဆိုရင္ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားမႈကို လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး တရပ္အေနနဲ႔ ေဖာ္ျပထားတာကို ေတြ႔ရွိမွာပါ။ အရြယ္ေရာက္ၿပီးတဲ့ က်ား၊မ တိုင္းဟာ မိမိဆႏၵအတုိင္း လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားခြင့္ ရွိသည္လို႔ ဆိုထားပါတယ္္။ လူေတြထဲက လူသား ေတြဘဲျဖစ္တဲ့ လိင္တူခ်စ္သူေတြအေနနဲ႔ လူသားတိုင္း ခံစားခြင့္ရွိတဲ့ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး တရပ္ကို ခံစားခြင့္ ရွိတာဟာ က်ိဳးေၾကာင္းသင့္ေလွ်ာ္တဲ့ အခ်က္ဘဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္္။
လူ႔အခြင္အေရး ရႈေထာင့္က မဟုတ္ဘဲ လူမႈေရး ရႈေထာင့္က ၾကည့္မယ္ဆိုရင္လဲ လူသားႏွစ္ေယာက္ရဲ႕ မိသားစုဘ၀ကို အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳေပးျခင္းဟာ ထိုလူသား ႏွစ္္ေယာက္ကို အေလးထား တန္ဖိုးထားေပးျခင္း ျဖစ္တာမို႔လို႔ မဂၤလာတပါးပါဘဲ။ လူသားအခ်င္းခ်င္း ခ်စ္ခင္ျမတ္ႏိုးလို႔ စိတ္တူကိုယ္တူ ေပါင္းဖက္ျခင္းဟာ မတူညီတဲ့ ဘ၀ႏွစ္ခုကို ေပါင္းစပ္ၿပီး ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္မႈေတြ ဘ၀ရဲ႕ အခက္အခဲေတြကို အတူတကြ လက္တဲြေက်ာ္ျဖတ္မယ္လို႔ ခိုင္ခိုင္မာမာ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ၿပီး ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကို အသိေပးတဲ့ အျပဳအမူလဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါဟာ ေလးစား တန္ဖိုးထားသင့္တဲ့ အရာျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳေပးတာဟာ ယဥ္ေက်းတဲ့ လူ႔ အသိုင္းအ၀ိုင္းတိုင္းက လုပ္သင့္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္တခုဘဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ေနာက္ထပ္ အပိုင္းကေန ေျပာရမယ္ဆိုရင္ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားမႈဟာ လူသားတေယာက္ရဲ႕ ေရြးခ်ယ္ခြင့္လဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ကိုယ္ ခ်စ္ခင္ျမတ္ႏိုးရသူကို လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ ေရြးခ်ယ္ၿပီး ဘ၀ရဲ႕ လက္တဲြေဖာ္အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္မႈမွာ အျခားဘယ္သူကမွ ၀င္ေရာက္စြတ္ဖက္တာ မျပဳသင့္ပါဘူး။ အရြယ္ေရာက္ၿပီးသူတိုင္း ကိုယ့္ သေဘာဆႏၵအတိုင္း အိမ္ေထာင္တခုကို ထူေထာင္ခြင့္ဆိုတာ အဲဒီသူတေယာက္ရဲ႕ ေရြးခ်ယ္ခြင့္သာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဆႏၵမပါတဲ့ အိမ္ေထာင္ေရးကို အတင္းအၾကပ္ စီစဥ္တာမ်ိဳးအေပၚ လက္မခံေတာ့တဲ့ အခုလို အခ်ိန္အခါ မ်ိဳးမွာ လူသားႏွစ္ေယာက္ ဆႏၵအတိုင္း လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားတာကို အသိအမွတ္ျပဳဖို႔ သင့္ေနပါၿပီ။
အခုလို လိင္တူခ်င္း လက္ထပ္မႈေတြကို လက္ခံလာတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ တိုးပြားလာတာ ေက်နပ္အားရစရာ ျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ လက္မခံတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရေတြ၊ လက္မခံႏိုင္တဲ့ လူမႈ အသိုင္းအ၀ိုင္းေတြ ရွိေနဆဲဆိုတာကိုလဲ သတိျပဳရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ သမိုင္းေၾကာင္းမွာ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့တဲ့ အသားအေရာင္အေပၚ အေျခခံ ခဲြျခားမႈ ဆန္႔က်င္ေရး တိုက္ပဲြေတြ ဆိုရင္လဲ လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူနဲ႔ ေအာင္ပဲြဆင္ႏိုင္တာ မဟုတ္ခဲ့ပါဘူး။ ေပးဆပ္ စေတးမႈေတြ မ်ားစြာရင္းႏွီးၿပီးမွ ေအာင္ပဲြဆင္ခဲ့ႏိုင္တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အခုလို အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳလာမႈေတြကို အေျခခံၿပီး လိင္စိတ္ကဲြျပားမႈအေပၚ အေျခခံတဲ့ မုန္းတီးမႈေတြ အသိအမွတ္ မျပဳမႈေတြ ပေပ်ာက္လာဖို႔နဲ႔ တရား၀င္ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားခြင့္ အပါအ၀င္ လိင္တူခ်င္း ခ်စ္သူေတြအေပၚ လူသားခ်င္း ေလးစားမႈေတြ ေပၚေပါက္လာဖို႔အတြက္ ဆက္လက္ႀကိဳးပမ္းသြားဖို႔ လူသားအားလံုးကို တိုက္တြန္းလိုပါတယ္။
သက္တံ့အယ္ဒီတာအဖြဲ႔
Labels: Knowledges-II, Sexual Education
ဒီ သီအိုရီ အတိုင္းဆိုရင္ ဘယ္ႏိုင္ငံမွာမဆို လူဦးေရရဲ႕ ဆယ္ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းဟာ လိင္တူခ်င္း ခ်စ္သူေတြ လို႔ သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ စစ္တမ္းေတြ ေကာက္ယူရာမွာ လိင္စိတ္ခံယူမႈကို ထည့္မေမးၾကသလို၊ ေျဖၾကားသူေတြ ဘက္ကလည္း ပုဂိၢဳလ္ေရး လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္ခ်က္ျဖစ္လို႔ ထုတ္မေျပာ လိုၾကပါဘူး။
ေနာက္ပိုင္း လိင္ကိစၥအေပၚ ျမင္တဲ့ အျမင္ေတြ ေျပာင္းလဲလာတာ နဲ႔အမွ် က်န္းမာေရးနဲ႔ လူမႈေရး စစ္တမ္းေတြ ေကာက္ခံရာမွာ လိင္စိတ္ခံယူမႈကိုပါ ထည့္သြင္း ေကာက္ခံလာၾကၿပီး၊ ေျဖၾကားသူရဲ႕ အေၾကာင္းကိုလည္း လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္ထားေပးတဲ့ စနစ္ေတြ ေပၚေပါက္လာတာမို႔ လိင္တူခ်စ္သူေတြနဲ႕ ပက္သက္တဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြ ပိုမို တိတိက်က် ျပည့္ျပည့္စံုစံု ရရွိလာၾကပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ တစ္ႏွစ္ထက္ တစ္ႏွစ္ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံမွာ လိင္တူခ်စ္သူ ဦးေရကို အနီးစပ္ဆံုး ခန္႔မွန္းႏိုင္ လာပါတယ္။
အေမရိကန္ရဲ႕ သန္းေခါင္စာရင္း စနစ္ဟာ ျပည့္စံုတိက်မႈရွိတာမို႕ သူတို႔ရဲ႕ ခန္႔မွန္း တြက္ခ်က္မႈေတြကို အေျခခံၿပီး ကိုယ့္ႏိုင္ငံ အတြက္လည္း အလားတူ တြက္ခ်က္ေပးဖို႕ ႀကိဳးစားထားပါတယ္။အေမရိကန္ဟာ တရုတ္နဲ႕ အိႏၵိယၿပီးရင္ ကမၻာမွာ တတိယ လူဦးေရ အမ်ားဆံုး ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ၿပီး ဒီေန႔ လူဦးေရ သန္း ၃၀၀ေက်ာ္ (ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ၆ဆခန္႔) ရွိေနပါတယ္။၂၀၀၀ျပည့္ႏွစ္မွာ ေကာက္ယူခဲ့တဲ့ သန္းေခါင္စာရင္းအရ အေမရိကန္ ႏိုင္ငံမွာ လူဦးေရ ၂၈၄,၈၀၀,၀၀၀ ဦး ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီအထဲက လိင္တူခ်စ္သူ အေရအတြက္ကို ခန္႔မွန္းရာမွာ ၁၉၉၂မွာ ေကာက္ခံခဲ့တဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသား က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ လူမႈဘ၀ စစ္တမ္း (NHSLS) ကို အေျခခံ တြက္ခ်က္ထားပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ ခန္႔မွန္းခ်က္အရ အေမရိကန္မွာ လိင္တူခ်စ္သူအျဖစ္ ခံယူထားသူ ၄,၃၀၀,၀၀၀ ဦး ရွိတယ္လို႔ သိရပါတယ္။ ဒါဟာ စုစုေပါင္းလူဦးေရရဲ႕ ၁.၅၁ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အမ်ိဳးသား အားလံုးရဲ႕ ၂ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း (စုစုေပါင္း လူဦးေရရဲ႕ ၀.၇ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း) က ေဂး မ်ားအျဖစ္ မိမိကိုယ္ကို သတ္မွတ္ထားၿပီး၊ အမ်ိဳသမီးအားလံုးရဲ႕ ၀.၉ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း (စုစုေပါင္း လူဦးေရရဲ႕ ၀.၃၂ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း) က လက္စဘီယံ မ်ားအျဖစ္ ခံယူထားတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။
အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံရွိ လူဦးေရ (၂၀၀၀ ခုႏွစ္ သန္းေခါင္စာရင္း အရ)
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| လူဦးေရ စုစုေပါင္း | ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း |
| ႏိုင္ငံလူဦးေရ | ၂၈၄, ၈၀၀, ၀၀၀ | ၁၀၀% |
| အမ်ိဳးသမီး | ၁၄၅, ၅၃၂, ၈၀၀ | ၅၁.၁% |
| အမ်ိဳးသား | ၁၃၉, ၂၆၇, ၂၀၀ | ၄၈.၉% |
လိင္တူခ်စ္သူ လူဦးေရ GLBT (gay, lesbian or bisexual)
|
| လူဦးေရ စုစုေပါင္း | ရာခုိင္းႏႈန္း |
| လိင္တူခ်စ္သူဦးေရ | ၄,၃၀၀,၀၀၀ | ၁.၅၁ % |
| မဲေပးခြင့္ရွိသည့္ လူဦးေရ | မဲေပးခြင့္ရွိသူအားလံုး၏ ၄ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း |
|
| အမ်ိဳးသမီးခ်င္းခ်စ္သူ (လက္စဘီယံ) | ၉၀၀,၀၀၀ | ၀.၃၂%
|
| အမ်ိဳးသားခ်င္းခ်စ္သူ (ေဂး) | ၂,၀၀၀,၀၀၀ | ၀.၇ % |
| လိင္တူ၊ လိင္ကြဲ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုး ခ်စ္သူ | ၁,၄၀၀,၀၀၀ | ၀.၄၉ %
|
(Ref:Adherent.com)
ဒါဟာ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ ၁၀ႏွစ္က ကိန္းဂဏန္းျဖစ္ၿပီး အခု ၂၀၁၀မွာ အေမရိကန္ လူဦးေရ သန္း ၃၁၀ခန္႕ ရွိေနပါၿပီ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ လိင္တူခ်စ္သူ လူဦးေရဟာလည္း ၂၀၀၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ကထက္ ပိုမ်ားေနၿပီလို႔ ယူဆပါတယ္။
ကိုးကား
•Ellen Bass and Kate Kaufman, "Free Your Mind :The book for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth and their allies"
•National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)
http://sodapop.pop.psu.edu/data-collections/nhsls
•Myanmar population hits over 59 mln in 2009
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7049436.html
•UNGASS Progress Report 2010
Labels: Knowledges-II, Sexual Education

အ သက္(၁၆)ႏွစ္ႏွင့္ အထက္ အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား အေနႏွင့္လိင္မႈ ကိစၥမွီဝဲျခင္းသည္ ႏွလံုးအေပၚ လံႈ့ေဆာ္ေပးနိုင္ၿပီး က်န္းမာ သန္စြမ္း ေစနိုင္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ မက္ဆာခ်ူးဆက္ရွိ နယူးအဂၤလန္ သုေတသနဌာနသည္ အသက္(၄၀)မွ(၇၀)ၾကား အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ ႏွလံုးဆိုင္ရာက်န္းမာေရး စစ္တမ္းမ်ားကို စနစ္တက် ေလ့လာခဲ့ၿပီးေနာက္ လိင္ ဆက္ဆံျခင္းသည္ အသက္အရြယ္ ႀကီးရင့္လာသည္ႏွင့္ အမ်ွ ျဖစ္နိုင္ေျခ ႀကီးထြားလာသည့္ ကိုယ္အေလးခ်ိန္တိုးလာျခင္း၊ ေသြးတိုးျခင္းႏွင့္ ကိုလက္စထေရာပမာဏ ျမင့္တက္လာျခင္းတို့ကို တားဆီးေပးေၾကာင္းလည္း ေဖာ္ထုတ္ေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့သည္။
လိင္ မႈ မွီဝဲရန္ စိတ္အား ထက္သန္ေသာ အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားသည္ ဆႏၵရွိသည့္ အတိုင္း လိင္ ဆက္ဆံခြင့္ ရရွိပါက ႏွလံုးေရာဂါႏွင့္ ဆက္စပ္ေနသည့္ စိတ္ဖိစီးမႈႏွင့္လူမႈ ဆက္ဆံေရးတြင္ မေျပလည္မႈ အတိုင္း အတာမ်ားပါ ေလ်ာ့က် သြားေၾကာင္း သုေတသီမ်ားက ေျပာဆို သြားသည္။
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It shows men who indulge in regular lovemaking are up to 45 per cent less likely to develop life-threatening heart conditions than men who have sex once a month or less.
The study, of over 1,000 men, shows sex appears to have a protective effect on the male heart but did not examine whether women benefit too.
Now the American researchers who carried out the investigation are calling for doctors to screen men for sexual activity when assessing their risk of heart disease.
Every year, around 270,000 people in Britain suffer a heart attack, and coronary disease remains Britains biggest killer.
Although sex has long been regarded as good for physical and mental health, there has been little scientific evidence to show the full benefits that frequent intercourse can have on major illnesses such as heart disease.
In the latest study, scientists at the New England Research Institute in Massachusetts, tracked the sexual activity of men aged between 40 and 70 who were taking part in a long-term project called the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study, which began back in 1987.
At regular points over a 16-year period, each man was quizzed on how often they had sex and then checked for signs of heart disease.
Researchers took into account other risk factors, such as their age, weight, blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
The results, published in the American Journal of Cardiology, showed men who made love at least twice a week were much less likely to have heart disease than those whose sexual encounters were limited to once a month or less.
In a report on their findings, researchers said the benefits of sex could be due to both the physical and emotional effects on the body.
Men with the desire for frequent sexual activity and who are able to engage in it are likely to be healthier.
But sex in some forms has a physical activity component that might directly serve to protect cardiovascular health.
Also, men who have frequent sex might be more likely to be in a supportive intimate relationship and this might improve health through stress reduction and social support.
An earlier study at the National Cancer Institute in the US showed men who ejaculated through sex or masturbation at least five times a week were much less likely to get prostate cancer.
And sex once or twice a week in winter can boost the immune system and reduce the chances of catching colds and flu, according to researchers at Wilkes University, Pennsylvania.
They found it boosted levels of immunoglobulin A or IGA which binds to organisms that invade the body and then activates the immune system to destroy them.
Regular sex can even boost a woman's sense of smell by triggering the release of a hormone called prolactin, according to scientists at Calgary University in Canada.
This may be a mechanism to help mums bond with their new babies.
Labels: Health-III, Sexual Education
လိင္တူ လက္ထပ္ခြင့္ ဥပေဒကို အတည္ျပဳဖို႔အတြက္ အာဂ်င္တီးနား လႊတ္ေတာ္မွာ ၁၅နာရီၾကာ အျပန္အလွန္ ျငင္းခံုမႈေတြ ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ၿပီးတဲ့ ေနာက္မွာေတာ့ ေထာက္ခံမဲ ၃၃မဲႏွင့္ ကန္႔ကြက္မဲ ၂၇မဲမွာ ၆မဲ အသာနဲ႔ လိင္တူလက္ထပ္ခြင့္ ဥပေဒကို ၂၀၁၀ခုႏွစ္ ဂ်ဴလိုင္လ ၁၅ရက္ေန႔မွာ အတည္ျပဳ ျပဌာန္းသြားခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒီ လိင္တူ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားခြင့္ ဥပေဒကို ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတ Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ကိုယ္တိုင္ အျပည့္အ၀ ေထာက္ခံအားေပးခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္တယ္လို႔လည္း သိရပါတယ္။
သမၼတႀကီးဟာ ရိုမန္ကက္သလစ္ ဘာသာေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြနဲ႔ အျပန္အလွန္ ခါးခါးသီးသီး စကားလံုးေတြနဲ႔ စကားႏိုင္လု တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္ခဲ့ ရတယ္လို႔လည္း ဆိုပါတယ္။
ဘာသာေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကို သမၼတႀကီးက "တကယ္လို႔ လိင္တူခ်င္း လက္ထပ္တာကို ျငင္းပယ္မယ္ ဆိုလို႔ရွိရင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီ စနစ္ႀကီးကို ဆိုးဆိုး၀ါး၀ါး ထိခိုက္နစ္နာေစတာ ျဖစ္တယ္လို႔ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေျပာဆို ခဲ့သလို ဒီေန႔ ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ ဘာသာေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ အေနနဲ႔ ပိုမိုပြင့္လင္းတဲ့ စိတ္အျမင္ သေဘာထားေတြနဲ႔ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ လူမႈအသိုင္းအ၀ိုင္း ေတြထဲက ခြဲျခားဖိႏွိပ္မႈေတြ ေလွ်ာ့နည္းသြားေအာင္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ၾကဖို႔ အခ်ိန္တန္ၿပီ"လို႔ ေျပာဆိုခဲ့တယ္ လို႔လည္း သိရပါတယ္။
ဒီလို လိင္တူ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားခြင့္နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္တဲ့ ဥပေဒကို လႊတ္ေတာ္မွာ အၿပိဳင္ ျငင္းခံုၾကေတာ့မယ္ ဆိုတာကို သိေနတဲ့ ခရစ္ယာန္ ဘာသာ၀င္ေတြ ေထာင္ေသာင္းနဲ႔ ခ်ီၿပီး ပါလီမန္ေရွ႕မွာ လာေရာက္ ဆႏၵျပၾကတယ္လို႔ သိရပါတယ္။
အဲဒီမွာ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ့္ Buenos Aires က ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီး Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio က "ဒါဟာ ဘုရားသခင္ရဲ႕ အႀကံအစည္ကို ပ်က္စီးရာ ပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း တိုက္ခိုက္လိုက္တဲ့ ကိစၥရပ္တစ္ခုပဲ"လို႔ ေၾကြးေၾကာ္ ခဲ့တယ္လို႔ သိရပါတယ္။
ဒီႏွစ္ထဲမွာပဲ ကမၻာေပၚမွာ ေနာက္ထပ္ လိင္တူလက္ထပ္ခြင့္ကို ေပၚတူဂီနဲ႔ အိုက္စ္လန္ ႏိုင္ငံေတြက အတည္ျပဳျပဌာန္း ေပးခဲ့ၾကတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
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CFK enacts same-sex marriage law, says 'we live in a more equal society'
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner assured that "today, we are a more equal society than last week," as she enacted the same-sex marriage law, which approved by the Senate last Thursday, at Government House.
During a rally at Government House, accompanied by part of her cabinet, lawmakers, artists and representatives of homosexual organizations, the president said "the honours aren't for me, but for the thousands of militants behind this cause."
CFK reminded her audience of the time when the divorce law was approved, and she mentioned that a senator that had voted against it "got a divorce years later and is now in favour of the law."
"Life is continually changing us," she said, and added that "these issues have to do with the condition of human beings, with aspiring for equality; they're things that cannot divide us, but should rather unite us."
Mrs. Fernández de Kirchner highlighted that when she found out about the Senate's vote, she was in China.
"Thousands had conquered the same rights I had," she added, and stated: "We didn't take anything away from anyone; we gave rights to those who didn't have them." Cristina said that she was happy to have carried out the enactment rally in the Latin American Patriots room of Government House.
"I thought to do it in the scientists' room due to the alleged scientific reports" that were brandished around the law, the president said.
"I wonder what Leloir, Houssay, and Milstein would've said had they heard those things," she stated.
The president pointed out that "we haven't enacted a law, but rather a social, transversal, diverse, plural, all-encompassing construction, which doesn't belong to anyone but society."
"This is building institutional quality," CFK said, and she highlighted the tone of the debate surrounding the law. "It's the tone all political discussions should have, with respect, accepting those that think differently and later resolving it democratically," she assured. She also highlighted the fact that the law coincides with the Bicentenary year.
Lastly, addressing those who "aren't here," she said that "with time they will be, and we'll be waiting for all of them."
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner enacted the same-sex marriage law during a speech given at Government House. She stated that "this has been a construction, because we haven't enacted a law, but a social construction that is transversal, diverse, and all-encompassing."
"This belongs to the society that built it, and I appreciate everyone's efforts and I evade petty policies. We mustn't impair what's important. This creates institutional quality. We have given more equality," she assured.
CFK continued by saying that "we mustn't stigmatize those who think differently. I thank everyone," she added. "We could've done this earlier, but everything takes its time to mature. If this issue had been raised years ago, maybe it would've been frustrated. Now, things are natural and they happened in the Bicentenary year. A spirit of free, diverse, and plural society exists."
Labels: News-III, Over Sea-II, Sexual Education




Ernest Hovingh, Extension Veterinarian, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Tech
Abortion in dairy cattle is commonly defined as a loss of the fetus between the age of 42 days and approximately 260 days. Pregnancies lost before 42 days are usually referred to as early embryonic deaths, whereas a calf that is born dead between 260 days and full term is defined a stillbirth. A low rate of abortions is usually observed on farms and 3 to 5 abortions per 100 pregnancies per year is often considered "normal." However, the loss of any pregnancy can represent a significant loss of (potential) income to the producer and appropriate action should therefore be taken to prevent abortions and to investigate the cause of abortions that may occur. Each abortion is estimated to cost the producer $500 to $900 - depending on such factors as the current value of replacement stock, feed and milk prices, and the stage of gestation when the abortion occurs.
The diagnosis of abortions often presents a challenge to the herd owner and the herd veterinarian. Although a gradual increase in the abortion rate in a herd may be noted over a period of many years, a sudden and dramatic increase is more commonly seen. For this reason, prompt and thorough action is required when abortions do occur. Well kept records will often be of benefit during the investigation of abortion problems.
Genetic abnormalities in the fetus that may result in abortion are not very frequently diagnosed, and these usually occur as an individual cow problem rather than as a herd outbreak. These abnormalities, which may not cause a change in the outward appearance of the fetus, may result in abortion because of the growing fetus¹ inability to develop properly in the uterus. Genetic abnormalities may also cause obvious physical changes in the fetus, just as other infectious agents may (see below).
Heat stress can affect reproductive performance in a dairy herd, although it will generally cause conception problems rather than abortions. While there is some evidence to suggest that a very sudden increase in environmental temperature may result in abortions, there is little evidence to support heat stress as a common cause of abortions. Similarly, on rare occasions a cow that develops a very high fever due to an infection may abort her fetus.
Toxic agents may also cause abortions or early embryonic deaths. Cattle are susceptible to fertilizer nitrites and nitrates or the nitrates found in plants under certain conditions (e.g. drought-stress). If a cow is exposed to sufficiently high levels of nitrates/nitrites (~.55 % or greater nitrate in forage), abortions may occur, especially in late gestation.
Some experimental studies have shown that mycotoxins such as zearalenone in very high levels can cause abortions in cattle, although these levels are not normally found in "naturally contaminated" feedstuffs. Likewise, the only reports of abortions associated with aflatoxin appear to be situations where the health of the cow was also severely compromised by the toxin.
Ergot alkaloids are toxins produced by the Claviceps fungus, which grows in the seeds of various grasses and small grains such as fescue, bromegrass, wheat, oat and rye. These toxins have been associated with abortions in dairy cattle as well as other health problems.
Although the cause of many abortions is never determined, infectious agents represent the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortions in many laboratories.
Brucella abortus (Brucellosis, Bang's disease) Whereas this bacteria once caused very significant reproductive problems on dairy farms, brucellosis is now a disease that is primarily of historical significance. Virginia, as most states, is officially brucellosis-free. Effective Brucella abortus vaccines are available, although wide-scale use of the vaccine is decreasing in many parts of the country.
Haemophilus somnus is not considered to be an important cause of abortion in cattle, although there are reports of abortions following experimental infection. It is also reported to cause infertility, although some controversy exists about its importance. Other, more common causes of infertility should be pursued before considering Haemophilus somnus.
Leptospira spp. L. hardjo (hardjo-bovis) and L. pomona are the two serovars of Leptospira that are the most important in North America. L. pomona is usually associated with abortion outbreaks in the last trimester of gestation. These occur sporadically since the cow is not its main host, and it is introduced to the herd from infected wildlife or swine - usually by means of water that becomes contaminated with the urine of these animals. Cattle, however, are the main host for L. hardjo (hardjo-bovis) and the organisms can establish as a chronic infection in the kidneys or reproductive tract of cows. Subsequently they can be shed intermittently during the life of the animal. These chronic infections can cause early embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of premature, weak calves. Aborted fetuses are often severely autolysed. Leptospira hardjo organisms can be passed from cow to cow or cow to calf by contact with infected urine, milk or placental fluids, or directly to the calf across the placenta before birth.
Vaccines are available against many different serovars; however, it appears that the protection offered is not very long-lasting and twice yearly boosters are usually recommended in high risk herds.
Listeria monocytogenes can cause abortions in addition to some of the common diseases seen due to infection with this bacteria (eg. 'circling disease'). Listeria can be found in many places in the environment on dairy farms, although disease outbreaks are often associated with high bacterial numbers found in poor-quality or spoiled silage. Abortions occur approximately one week after exposure, and occur most commonly during the last trimester of pregnancy, although they may occur as early as the 4th month of gestation. The aborted fetus is often autolyzed. The cows may show clinical signs of disease as well, although once returned to health appear to resist reinfection. This organism may be the most common bacterial cause of multiple abortions in herds.
Ureaplasm diversum and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium are generally thought to be relatively uncommon causes of abortions, although Ureaplasm can cause an outbreak of abortions if it is introduced into a 'clean' herd. These organisms have also been implicated as infectious causes of infertility. However, it is often difficult to determine if one of these agents is the cause of an abortion or infertility problem since they can also be found in the reproductive tract of 'normal' healthy cows.
The use of an effective BVD vaccine should be a routine part of a herd disease prevention program.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBR, BHV-1) is a serious contagious herpes virus disease of cattle that can cause a variety of different disease syndromes, the most common of which is respiratory disease (pneumonia, "red nose"). It remains the most commonly diagnosed viral cause of abortions in cattle. Abortions most commonly occur from 4 months to term, and may occur weeks after the disease has gone through the herd. The use of effective IBR vaccines should be a routine part of a herd disease prevention program.
A cow can also abort if she develops an infectious condition that does not directly affect the fetus. For example, an acute case of coliform mastitis caused by the Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria can cause a massive release of endotoxins into the udder and bloodstream of the cow. (This endotoxin is largely responsible for the clinical signs observed, such as the depressed attitude, the lack of rumen motility, and the high temperature.) This endotoxin may result in the release of prostaglandins or other hormones in the cow that can in turn result in the occurrence of an abortion. Some recent research from the University of Florida has shown that cows with clinical mastitis were almost 2 times as likely to abort as cows that had not experienced any clinical mastitis.
Vaccination with modified live vaccines during pregnancy can also cause cows to abort. Modified live vaccines contain live viruses or bacteria that are 'altered' to prevent them from causing clinical disease while still stimulating the immune system. However, there is clinical evidence that using these vaccines in pregnant animals can cause abortions and vaccine manufacturers do not recommend that they be used in this fashion. Recently there has been some discussion about abortions occurring after vaccination with Leptospira vaccines. It appears that this is very occasionally observed in herds that are vaccinating more than twice a year. In these situations the vaccine itself may not be causing the abortion, but the cows reaction to the frequent vaccination. Similarly, various veterinarians have observed side-effects of administering too many "gram-negative" bacterial vaccines (Eg. E. coli, Salmonella) at one time.
Neospora caninum is a protozoal parasite that does not appear to cause any disease in mature cattle, except for abortions. Abortions due to Neospora usually occur sporadically in a herd in the middle of gestation (4-5 months), although they can occur anywhere from about 3 months onward. Usually, Neospora-caused abortions do not present as an "abortion storm," although this does occasionally occur. Many cows in a herd can be infected with Neospora and not abort, although they are more likely to do so than their uninfected herdmates. Also, animals that have aborted once due to Neospora are at increased risk of doing so again if they remain in the herd and become pregnant again. Fetuses that are not aborted, while usually appearing to be normal calves, are often infected with the protozoa for life. A survey conducted by researchers at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech in 1997-1998 suggests that Neospora may not be a significant problem on most Virginia dairy farms.
A commercially-produced Neospora vaccine has recently become available. There is not yet enough information to decide if and when it's economically advantageous for herds to use this product.
Trichomonas foetus (Genital trichomoniasis) and Campylobacter fetus ss. venerealis ("Vibrio") are the two organisms that are most often associated with venereal disease in cattle. Once the organisms are present in the herd, they can be passed from cow to cow by the herd bull(s) or by contaminated breeding equipment. Young bulls usually 'clear' the organisms quite rapidly, but become reinfected upon breeding a cow that is carrying an infection. Older bulls (4-5+ yrs) are more often chronically infected. Cows are able to develop immunity to these organisms, although they can still be infected for up to 3 weeks before the infection is cleared. A 'dirty' white vaginal discharge can occur 1-2 weeks after becoming infected at breeding time.
Trichomonas and Campylobacter infections can cause early embryonic death or first trimester abortions. Campylobacter is occasionally associated with abortion during months 4-7 of gestation.
| Agent | Stage of Gestation usually affected | Means of spread | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||
| Leptospira spp. | Third trimester (L. pomona) or anytime (other serovars) | Water contaminated by wildlife, or other cattle (L. hardjo) | Duration of efficacy of currently available vaccines is limited. |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2nd or more commonly 3rd trimester | Most commonly found in poor-quality or spoiled silage. | |
| Ureaplasm diversum Mycoplasma bovigenitalium | Any? | Infected animals (esp. bulls) introduced into clean herds; poor AI practices | Can be found in repro tracts of normal, healthy cows. May cause abortion storms in previously uninfected herds. |
| Viruses | |||
| Bovine Virus Diarrhea | 1st or 2nd trimester | Calves may become chronically infected prior to birth. May be introduced into the herd by an infected animal. | BVD viral vaccines are commonly available. |
| Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis | 2nd or 3rd trimester | Animal to animal contact with some aerosol spread. | Abortion is usually in addition to other disease manifestations (pneumonia). IBR vaccines are commonly available. |
| Other | |||
| Neospora caninum | 2nd or 3rd trimester (often 4-5 months) | Canines play a role in the transmission of Neospora. | Animals that abort due to Neospora are at increased risk of aborting again. Does not usually cause abortion storms. A vaccine has recently become available. |
| Trichomonas foetus Campylobacter fetus | 1st trimester, occ. during 4-7 months (Campylobacter) | Bulls are the main mode of transmission (esp. older ones). Infected cows can reinfect clean bulls. AI equipment may transmit infection | |
Labels: Health-III, Sexual Education
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